Author: Kevin Primicerio, Cofounder of Pianity

Reviewer: Kyle

Discover how AO's holographic state revolutionizes blockchain scalability, leveraging Arweave's immutable logs for consensus without compromise. A new era of efficient, scalable decentralized computing is upon us.

The AO computer reaches consensus through a "holographic state," leveraging Arweave's immutable message log to bypass traditional scalability constraints. This approach marks a significant shift from established systems like Proof of Work and Proof of Stake, paving the way for a new era of efficient and scalable decentralized computing.

Understanding Traditional Consensus Mechanisms

Blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum employ consensus mechanisms for network participants to agree on the ledger's state, encompassing transaction validations, account balances, or smart contract outcomes.

Bitcoin pioneered decentralized consensus via Proof of Work (PoW), where miners solve puzzles to add new transaction blocks. This consensus ensures transaction history agreement, making unauthorized alterations virtually impossible without significant computational power.

Ethereum uses Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve consensus through staking for transaction validation and block creation. This aims to reduce PoW's energy demands.

By requiring all nodes to validate and agree on each transaction or contract execution, these mechanisms often limit the network's speed and throughput, posing significant hurdles for scalability.

Layer 2 Solutions and the Path Forward

Layer 2 (L2) solutions have been pivotal in overcoming the scalability and energy consumption hurdles. While L2 solutions like rollups and sidechains aim to offload the transactional burden from the main blockchain to achieve higher throughput and efficiency, AO's model leverages the immutable storage capabilities of Arweave to ensure scalability and reduce computational overhead. This strategic alignment with L2 principles, albeit on a fundamentally different architectural level, emphasizes AO's commitment to enhancing decentralized computing.

The Holographic State: A Paradigm Shift

Process states are not conventionally stored or agreed upon in the AO system. Instead, they're implied "holographically" via a log of Arweave-hosted messages. This ensures consistent output upon computation, even if network participants have yet to observe/compute it.

Therefore, a holographic state represents a process's status, inferred from an immutable message log on Arweave, without needing real-time computation or consensus.

This means that compute costs are delegated to users who can calculate their states or request execution by Compute Units (CUs). Using deterministic, metered Virtual Machines ensures that given the same inputs (the message log), the outputs (the state) will always be the same, regardless of who performs the computation.

The concept allows for unbounded resource utilization in processes, leveraging the lazily evaluated architecture principles of SmartWeave and Celestia.

Why Does This Matter?

The implications of this shift are significant. By decoupling the consensus mechanism from the state of computations, the AO computer sidesteps the scalability issues that plague traditional blockchain networks. This opens up new possibilities for decentralized applications, allowing them to operate without the size, form, and speed limitations that current consensus models impose.

Moreover, the holographic state model fosters a more flexible and efficient computing environment. Developers can create and deploy processes on the AO computer without worrying about the computational burden on the network. Users, in turn, can interact with these processes, confident that the underlying state is verifiable and secure, thanks to the immutable message log on Arweave.

Frequently Asked Questions

Below are answers to some of the most common questions I've encountered on Discord and Twitter

How does the holographic state mechanism work in AO

Instead of nodes in the network needing to execute computations to reach consensus about program state transitions, the state is derived from a log of interactions (messages) stored on Arweave.

This design leverages the Arweave network's immutable storage to ensure the message log is permanently available, allowing any network participant to compute the state.

What are the implications of the holographic state for process execution?

For process execution, the holographic state model implies that any participant can independently compute a process's state.

This decentralized computation ensures that processes are not limited by the computational capacity of a single node and can be executed in parallel across the network, enhancing efficiency and scalability.

How are processes managed and executed in a decentralized manner?

Processes are managed and executed through a combination of Scheduler Units (SUs), Compute Units (CUs), and Messenger Units (MUs).

These components work together to handle the assignment of messages to processes (SUs), compute the state transitions based on messages (CUs), and relay messages between processes (MUs).

This architecture allows processes to operate independently across the network. For an in-depth explanation, see my detailed article on AO architecture see my detailed article on AO architecture.

Can a process's state be directly observed, or is it only implied?

A process's state is primarily implied through the interaction log stored on Arweave. While the state is not stored, it can be computed deterministically by any participant. This approach ensures that the process's state, while not directly observable, can be independently verified and is consistent across the network.

How does the deterministic, metered VM contribute to the holographic state?

Compute Units are deterministic, metered Virtual Machines (VMs). They ensure that given the same inputs (the message log), the outputs (the state) will always be consistent, regardless of who or where the computation is performed. This consistency is crucial for the holographic state model, allowing for the trustless verification of state transitions. The metered aspect of the VM ensures that computations are bounded, preventing runaway processes and maintaining network efficiency.

What is a metered VM?

A metered Virtual Machine is designed to precisely control and track the usage of computational resources, such as CPU time and memory. This approach ensures equitable access to network resources, prevents abuse and facilitates predictable operations costs. It's crucial for maintaining network efficiency and scalability and enabling a transparent and manageable economic model for developers and users.

What are the scalability implications of the holographic state model?

The holographic state model has significant positive implications for scalability. By decoupling the consensus mechanism from the actual state computation and leveraging a decentralized network of participants for process execution, AO can support many parallel processes without the typical constraints of traditional blockchain consensus mechanisms. This model allows for more significant scalability, as the network can handle more transactions and complex computations without a proportional increase in resource requirements or degradation in performance.

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💡 Initiated by everVision and sponsored by Forward Research (Arweave Official), PermaDAO is a "Cobuilding Community" focus on the theme of Arweave consensus storage. All contributions from PermaDAO contributors form the bedrock of data consensus. Let's embark on a journey starting with data consensus and delve into a novel paradigm for decentralized collaboration - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs)!